Samstag, 26. Januar 2008

Kulturelle Missverständnisse - Respekt, Ehre und Religion

Ein lesenswertes Interview mit Necla Kelec in der taz.

Armut
"Wenn man in diese Familien schaut und fragt, wie das Geld verdient wird und wofür es ausgegeben wird, dann sieht man, dass diese Familien sich plötzlich eine Hochzeit für zwanzigtausend Euro leisten können. Sie unterstützen ihre Familien in der Türkei mit Geld und mit Gold. Ein Vater lässt seine vier Kinder arbeiten und kassiert ihren Lohn. Das Kindergeld kommt nicht den Kindern zugute, der Vater verzockt es beim Kartenspiel. Und die Mütter verdienen mit Putzstellen Geld, das sie dann für Hochzeitskleider ausgeben. Das Geld wird kulturell ausgegeben. ... In muslimischen Familien haben Väter ihre archaischen Vorstellungen. Es gilt, ihnen zu gehorchen. Und das darf nicht mit Respekt verwechselt werden. Dass ihre Kinder selbstständig werden sollen, studieren können, das ist oft nicht ihre Idee. Zu wenige Familien investieren in ihre Kinder."

Das gilt nicht ausschließlich für Unterschichtenfamilien mit Migrationshintergrund. Auch deutsche Unterschichtenfamilien sind nicht "arm", wenn man unter Armut nur den Mangel an Geld versteht. Was der Unterhaltung und dem Vergnügen dient, ist auch dort finanzierbar. Der Plasmafernseher im Wohn-, der Zweitfernseher im Kinderzimmer; der Computer, die Playstation, das Handy, der Alkohol und die Kippen kosten richtig Geld, gespart wird leider oft an den Kindern. Das Problem ist das Gleiche, wie in "armen" Familien mit Migrationshintergrund: diese Familien investieren zu wenig in ihre Kinder.

Respekt
"Respekt im muslimischen Sinne verlangt Unterordnung, Gehorsam und Gefolgschaft. Dem Vater und der Religion gegenüber. Respekt, wie wir ihn verstehen, ist eine individuelle Haltung, die auf Eigenverantwortung und Würde setzt."

Ehre
"Denn es hat sich auch bei diesen Familien, die von Arbeitslosigkeit nicht betroffen sind, am Erziehungskonzept in all den Jahrzehnten nichts geändert. Der Vater ist das Oberhaupt, die Töchter und Frauen sind die Ehre - seine Ehre. Er erzieht seine Söhne so, dass sie auf seine Ehre aufpassen. Wenn sie dabei versagen, bekommen sie Schläge. Die Mädchen werden mit Gewalt konfrontiert. Wenn sie aber nun sagen, sie wollen ihren eigenen Weg gehen, entehren sie die Familie."

Interessante Aspekte zum Zusammenhang von Stammeskultur und "Ehrenmord" finden sich auch in Pipes Rezension des Buches "Culture and Conflict in the Middle East" von Philipp Carl Salzmann. Er unterstreicht die Funktion, welche die soziale Kontrolle durch Familienfremde bei der Überwachung der Töchter spielt: "Die weiblichen Mitglieder anderer Familien werden in der Hoffnung überprüft, dass man sie bei einer unmoralischen Tat erwischt, wodurch ihre Verwandten gezwungen wären sie zu töten und ihre Fruchtbarkeit zu verlieren. Dieser letzte Punkt läßt darauf schließen, dass ausgewogene Gegnerschaft für einen großen Teil des bekannten nahöstlichen Brauch des "Ehrenmordes" verantwortlich ist, bei dem Brüder Schwestern ermorden, Cousins Cousinen ermorden, Väter Töchter ermorden und Söhne Mütter ermorden. Bezeichnenderweise werden Indiskretionen von Frauen innerhalb der Familie toleriert und führen fast nur dann zu Morden, wenn sie außerhalb der Familie bekannt werden. "

Religion
"Religiös" bedeutet in der islamischen Kultur eine Haltung des Dienens und Gehorchens. Was ein Älterer mir sagt, habe ich zu tun! Wenn ein Junge früh auf die Straße geschickt wird, weil er zu Hause nichts zu suchen hat, dann ist das Teil der islamischen Erziehung. Sie aber verstehen unter Religion nur, dass man in die Kirche geht und betet."

Kritik an der islamischen Religion mag die taz (Jan Feddersen, Daniel Bax) nun überhaupt nicht hinnehmen. Zumindest nicht, ohne auch auf die Nachteile des Christentums im allgemeinen und die der Hardcorevariante "Katholizismus" im besonderen hinzuweisen. Islamkritik ohne Relativierung scheint ein echtes Problem zu sein, es ist bedenklich, wenn in einer "linken" Zeitung erzkonservative Christen zur Legitimation diskriminierender kultureller Praktiken herangezogen werden.

taz: "Sex vor der Ehe ist doch auch unter erzkonservativen Christen verpönt ... Der Islam ist nicht frauenfreundlich, einverstanden. Aber das gilt ja auch für alle anderen Religionen."

Kelec:" Genau das ist Ihr Problem, dass Sie das Christentum mit dem Islam vergleichen. Die Moscheevereine sind keine Kirchen, sie bilden keine einheitliche Religion. Das sind lauter Sekten. Die wissen ja selber nicht einmal, was der Islam sein soll. Das ist das Gefährliche."


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